Nikolai Andreevich Roslavets (4 January 1881 – 23 August 1944) was a modernist composer active in the Russian Empire and later the Soviet Union. Born in Surazh, Chernigov Governorate, Roslavets came from a family of a railway clerk and began his musical education in Konotop and Kursk. He studied violin, piano, music theory, and harmony under Arkady Abaza before attending the Moscow Conservatory in 1902. There, he studied violin with Jan Hřímalý and composition with Sergei Vasilenko, Mikhail Ippolitov-Ivanov, and Alexander Ilyinsky, graduating in 1912 with a silver medal for his cantata "Heaven and Earth."

Roslavets was a proponent of modernism and cosmopolitanism, which led to his music being suppressed from 1930 onwards. He was involved with Russian Futurism in the 1910s and became a key figure in "leftist art" post-1917, alongside artists like Arthur Lourié and Kazimir Malevich. He held teaching positions in Elets, Kharkiv, and Moscow and contributed to the journal Muzykalnaya Kultura.

As a musicologist, Roslavets advocated for professionalism and critiqued the conflation of music with ideology. He was a vocal critic of the "proletarian musician" movement and was attacked for his views in the 1920s. His works include symphonic poems, violin concertos, string quartets, sonatas, and piano trios. Despite political persecution, including being labeled a "counter-revolutionary" and "bourgeois" artist, Roslavets continued to influence Russian music until his death in 1944.