Alexander Olshanetsky (1892–1946) was a distinguished composer and conductor in the realm of Second Avenue Yiddish Theater in New York City. Born in Odessa, Ukraine, Olshanetsky received a dual education, combining traditional Jewish teachings with modern Western studies. His musical journey began early, as he sang in synagogue choirs and learned to play the violin at the age of six. He further honed his skills by playing in the Odessa Opera orchestra and touring Russia and Siberia.

During his military service as a bandmaster in the Russian army, Olshanetsky encountered a Yiddish theater troupe in Kharbin, China, led by Peretz Sandler. Upon Sandler's departure to the United States, Olshanetsky assumed leadership of the troupe, marking the beginning of his career in Yiddish theater composition. He eventually emigrated to the United States in 1922, joining his uncle Hyman Meisel, who later became his father-in-law when Olshanetsky married his cousin, Bella Meisel.

In the U.S., Olshanetsky quickly became a prominent figure on the Yiddish theater scene, with his works being performed in nearly every theater on Second Avenue. He was celebrated for his melodic gift and his ability to write music that resonated with the Jewish immigrant community. His operettas, such as "A gute heym" and "Der letster tants," often featured his wife in leading roles. Olshanetsky also served as the first musical director of the Concord Hotel in the Catskills, a position he held until his untimely death in 1946.

Olshanetsky's legacy includes numerous popular songs and operettas, characterized by their elegant melodic lines and dramatic depth. His contributions to Yiddish theater music remain influential, and he is remembered as one of the most sophisticated composers of his time.