Mikołaj Gomółka, born around 1535 in Sandomierz, was a noted Polish composer and instrumentalist. He was the son of Tomasz and Katarzyna Gomółka, burghers of Sandomierz. Gomółka began his musical career as a boy singer at the court of King Sigismund Augustus in 1545. He studied music under J. Klaus, a royal flautist, learning to play various instruments including the flute, the 'sztort' (an early form of the bassoon), the violin, and the lute. By 1558, he was a fully-fledged musician in the royal chapel.

After leaving the royal court in 1563, Gomółka returned to Sandomierz, where he engaged in civic duties, serving as a juror and later as deputy city mayor. He married Jadwiga Kuszmierzowicz, and they likely had a son named Michał, who also became a musician.

In 1580, Gomółka was involved in the publication of his only known work, "Melodies for the Polish Psalter," a collection of 150 four-voice pieces set to the Polish version of the Psalms by Jan Kochanowski. This work was dedicated to the Bishop of Krakow, P. Myszkowski, and is considered a significant contribution to Polish Renaissance music. Gomółka's compositions are noted for their simplicity and chordal structures, aligning with the expressive content of the psalm texts.

Gomółka later worked as a musician at the court of Chancellor Jan Zamoyski in Krakow. The last documented evidence of his life dates to April 30, 1591. His work remains a valuable cultural artifact, reflecting the adaptation of Renaissance music to Polish conditions.